The fifteenth to eighteenth centuries in the Muslim world
were marked by increased confrontation between Islamic
states and their enemies, by inspiring military victories and
crushing defeats, by the gain and loss of vast territories, by
the gradual weakening of Islamic state formations and
by the continued successful expansion of Islam as an ideology.
These centuries saw the great victories and death of
Timūr, the victorious conclusion of the reconquista in
Spain, the fall of Constantinople and the huge territorial
gains of the Ottomans in Europe, the emergence of the
Great Moghūl state in India, the disappearance of the
Mamlūk state, the victory of the Portuguese and the Turkish
siege of Vienna, Russian victories and Ottoman defeats,
Napoleon's arrival in Egypt... These events were accompanied
by important changes in ideology and religious main
streams. In the world of Islam the growing influence and
spread of $iifi teachings were of prime importance...
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