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Countries and Peoples of the East. Vol. XXXVII. The State in the East. Ed. by I.F.Popova, I.V.Bogdanov.Moscow: Nauka - Vostochnaya literatura 2017. 327 p. ISBN 978-5-02-039782-8.
CONTENTS
The Ancient East
Ivan V. Bogdanov. Crowning and Economy: Aspects of Bureaucratic Consciousness in the Old Kingdom Egypt — 5
This article investigates titles and epithets of palace chamberlains connected
with the crowning ceremony and the crowns themselves as symbols of economic
and political power of the king during the Old Kingdom. The core of the
work is a study of titles and epithets of officials in the context of legends found
on the Old Kingdom cylinder seals. Special attention is paid to the epithets
sḫkr(w) ḥ3t nṯr.f “he who adorns the brow of his god” and m33 nfrw
nb.f “he who
beholds the perfection of his lord” (with variants). The main part of the article
represents an interpretation of the unique epithet m3ṯ bjt nswt “he who raises the
Red Crown of the king”. Some bureaucratic and theological aspects of the use
of the verb m3ṯ having the meanings “to claim, to enroll, to invent” are investigated
on the basis of the sources from the Old Kingdom until the Ptolemaic
times. It includes a detailed analysis of the coronation report of queen h3ṯ-špswt
(Urk. IV, 261,2–262,1) which contains a number of terms designating a royal
titulary. The final part of article is devoted to the verb m3ṯ having the meanings
“to praise” and “to raise” (a crown) according to texts from the Old to New
Kingdom.
The main conclusion of the article is the following: the palace chamberlain
dealing with the crown while performing his duties accepted it as a symbol of the economic power of the king. Therefore, this official, because of his participation
in some kind of economic action, could include some epithet in his titulary
that would characterize his function on the palace service as a universal
concept in which its important role in all industrial management was emphasized.
Key words : ancient Egyptian epigraphy, Old Kingdom, ancient Egyptian
lexicography, administrative history of ancient Egypt.
Marina A. Redina-Thomas. Notes on the Administrative System of Nippur as a Provincial Center of Kassite Babylonia — 121
The article examines the administrative system of Nippur, a large religious
center of Babylonia. Written sources from this city make up ca. 90% of all data
on the history of the Kassite period (ca. 1595–1155 BC), making Nippur one of
the primary objects of research as regards the socio-economic history of the
region. Nippur, the main cult city of the god Enlil, was a center of the province
with the same name and probably of the adjacent province Pān-ṣēri. Nippur had
its own governor called šandabakku (Sumerian GA.DUB.BA(.A) / GU.EN.NA)
who controlled political and economic affairs in these provinces. The šandabakku
of Nippur was directly responsible to the king of Babylonia and controlled
a number of officials working for the palace and temple household.
Key words : Ancient Near East, Ancient Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Middle
Babylonian period, the Kassites, Nippur, city administration, provincial center
Serge А. Frantsouzoff. Principal Categories of Functionaries in South Arabian
States in the 1st Millennium BC — 136
In the present article the usage of the titles kabīr and qayn are considered on
the basis of substantial data of the ancient Yemenite epigraphic documentation
of the lst millennium BC and originating from city-states of the region of al-
Djawf as well as from territorial states (Saba’, Qatabān, Ḥaḍramawt). Their
bearers proved to be common functionaries in pre-Islamic South Arabia of that
period. As a result, the author succeeded in establishing that the term kabīr
designated any administrator whose power was founded on the principle of oneman
management, while the title qayn was applied to a member of a collegial
body (“counselor”).
Key words : pre-Islamic Yemen, civilization of ancient South Arabia,
South Arabian epigraphy, city-states, territorial states, bureaucracy in the ancient
Orient, official titles of kabīr and qayn
China and Vietnam
Vladimir A. Vetyukov. The Military Training and Examination System in Vietnam in the Late Le period (1428–1789). According to the Treatise Named “Binh chê chí” (“Notes on Warfare”) by Phan Huy Chú — 157
The treatise named “Notes on Warfare” (1819) by an outstanding Vietnamese
neo-Confucian historian Phan Huy Chú (1782–1840) is a precious source
concerning the warfare problems in the state of Đai Viet under the rule of the
Late Le dynasty (1428–1789). The work contains rich information about military
training and military exams during this historical period.
The first monarchs of the Late Le dynasty practiced inspections and maneuvers
of the regular army and military exams for the officer’s rank candidates
as well. His majesty Lê Thánh-tông (1459–1497) himself created the Armed
forces Regulations, which specified the main battle-formations and the ways of
combat hostilities for all the types or army and naval forces. The Military Academy
“Giảng Võ”, where the education of the command staff took place, was
also founded in this period.
Following the times of decline, caused by the feudal strives of 16–17 cent.,
the system of military training was reborn by the rulers of Trịnh clan in the
North-Vietnam princedom of Đàng Ngoài. In the 18 cent. the exams were held
both on the province and the capital level. They were aimed at choosing the best
candidates for officer rank and at testing the current command staff. The order
of the exams followed local traditions as well as the Chinese model. First the
tests in martial arts were conducted. Mainly the skill of fighting with close- and
long-range weapons both on foot and on horseback was tested. Next was the
theory part in the form of a written composition and interview about the main
ideas of the Chinese Military Canon. Special exams were arranged for the soldiers
of provincial and the auxiliary capital army and navy troops. Here the formal
exercises both with weapons and without them were done as well as sparring.
The victors were encouraged by laureate degrees following which the
money prizes were paid.
Key words : military training, military exams, “Notes on Warfare”, Late
Le dynasty, martial arts
Viacheslav M. Rybakov. Legal Maintenance of Purity among the Bureaucratic Class in China under the T’ang Dynasty — 179
Traditional China can be called a bureaucratic empire. The success and welfare
of bureaucratic empire are entirely dependent on the efficiency of the members
of the state machine. But this efficiency, in its turn, is determined by the ideological
purity and integrity of officials, their professionalism and the optimality of
their organization. It is on these three key issues that the T’ang China’s laws
aimed at legal protection of governmental personnel policy were focused.
Key words : traditional China, government organization, efficiency of the
bureaucracy, Chinese criminal law
Pavel A. Lapin. The Qing Court of Colonial Affairs (Li-Fan-Yuan) and the Practice of Receiving Diplomatic Missions at the Chinese Court: Disputes over Diplomatic Ceremony (Early 18th — the First Half of the 19th Century) — 209
Russian-Chinese relations from the time of their origination in the early 17th
Century and up to the second half of the 19th Century had been developing
within the framework of the traditional foreign policy doctrine that had been in
existence in the Chinese empire for more than a thousand years. The policy divided
the world into two unequal parts – the Middle country and the barbarian
periphery. The arrival of official envoys of the Russian court in the capital city
of China was considered by the diplomats of the Li-fan-yuan exclusively as a
visit of regular “vassals” of the East Empire who came to pay their respect to the
Chinese monarch.
The “tributary” status of the Russian ambassador required performance of a
number of humiliating ceremonials in Beijing that, according to the Europeans,
contradicted generally the accepted standards of international relations and discredited
the independent status of the mission. As the Russians took the lead in
the contacts with China the heads of our missions had to make every effort to
satisfy the expectations of Chinese officials about the so-called dependency of
the Russian Empire and obtain the desired results of the visit at the same time.
Key words : Qing Empire, Russian-Chinese political ties, diplomatic etiquette,
disputes over the court ceremonial in China
Central Asia
Bair Z. Nanzatov. The Steppe Dumas — the Buryat Self-Governing Bodies in the 19th Century Russian Empire — 226
The Buryat Steppe Dumas were one of the ways to keep the ethnic regions
on the eastern border of Russia under imperial control. They became the inheritors
of the first ethnic bodies of Buryat self-government, each of which was
called a mirskaya sbornaya izba (“common meeting house”), i.e., Steppe Offices
(or Boards) that headed up the institutions created on the basis of the
Buryat “generations” (clan and tribal units). The administrative structure of the
Steppe Dumas and the finer points of their functioning reflect the stages in the
Buryats’ adaptation to and further integration into the Russian society, the experience
of building the “center–periphery” relationship system, the regional
specifics of government in ethnic regions. The local peculiarities of imperial
government in the Baikal Region also owed much to the location of the Buryat
territories near the border.
Key words : Buryats, Asian Russia, adaptation, integration, administrative
system, self-government
Roman Yu. Pochekaev. Local Specifics of the Russian Imperial Legal Policy at the Western Pamirs (Date 19th to Early 20th Century) — 241
As a result of the “English-Russian delimitation” of 1895, the Western Pamirs
were put under the control of the Russian Empire, but officially were recognized
as part of the Bukharan Emirate. The Emirate authorities attempted to
extend their own administrative structure to the new territories, but there had
already existed ancient traditions of power, administration and law in this region.
So, the Russian representatives in the Western Pamirs had to interfere into the
administrative process to keep the peace between the Bukharan officials and the
Pamirs. At that Russian authorities kept in mind the local traditions and customs,
which provided local sympathies for the Russians and, finally, transfer of the
Western Pamirs under the actual administration of the Russian Empire.
Key words : Russian Empire, Bukharan Emirate, Western Pamirs, customary
law, court system, Sharia, tax remissions, legal anthropology, the Great
Game, Pamir delimitation
Vadim V. Trepavlov. The Kazakh Ruling Elite in the Russian Empire. A Ceremonial Reflection of Citizenship — 263
During the 17th — 19th Centuries the Russian imperial citizenship of the
Kazakhs put on various ceremonial and symbolic forms. The supreme power
and local authorities established the procedure for the enthronement of khans,
defined criteria and assortment of awards for nomadic aristocrats, regulated the
sending and receiving of the Kazakh delegations in the capitals and regional
centres. In the course of the travels of royalty through the Empire there was a
representation of Kazakh people’s culture and mode of life which was expressed,
apart from the obligatory declarations of loyalty to monarchs, via gifts of
indigenous artifacts and learning about nomadic everyday life.
Key words : Kazakh tribal unions, Bukey Horde, enthronement, insignia,
deputations, awards, representation
Daria D. Selyunina, Tatiana D. Skrynnikova. Socio-Political Practics in Khalkha of the 17th-Сentury (According to Mongolian Chronicle Shara tudzhi) — 298
The article analyzes the main concepts of Mongolian political culture in their
concrete expression typical of a 17th-century historical document: ulus — the
socio-political space of the Mongolian society; ejen — a ruler invested with the
highest power; suu and sulde — terms for the charisma of a ruler who is associated
with toro, the all-embracing law of the Universe; küčün and erke — the
concepts of the kinds of force that made political power legal. Comparative
analysis of concepts in The Secret History of the Mongols (13th century) and the
Shara tudzhi (17th century) allows us to keep track of changes in the political
culture of the Mongols.
Key words : Mongolian political culture, ulus, ejen, jarliγ,
törö, suu, sülde, küčün, erke, power
About the authors — 324
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